IntroductionWhile early separation of dairy calves after birth has been debated from an ethical and animal welfare lens. the economic evidence surrounding alternative cow-calf contact (CCC) systems is scarce. MethodsTo address this knowledge gap. we assessed the economic consequences of CCC systems using data from the Agriwise database as well as parameters from published literature i... https://parisnaturalfoodes.shop/product-category/omeg-essential-adult-fish-oil/